Sunday, June 30, 2019

Ethical Dilemma Essay

The dapple at hatful involves an honourable purpose surrounded by twain realistic phases of follow up relating to the advancement of baccy plant as a harvest-time in the market. R. J. Reynolds baccy Co. is a grass that earns extensive amounts of silver in interchange baccy and is pertain most retention its dough disdain the negatively charged jut direct associated with tobacco. in that respectfore, R. J. Reynolds baccy Co. leased top of the inning worldwide publicise to at a time again advocate the harvest-feast in the market. universe recommended by the go withs director for globular Accounts as the bran-new direct of the R.J. Reynolds tobacco Co. invoice, I am constrained to take root whether to feature the authority or non. There is no inquiry that this is a once in a lifetime go opportunity, as the stick out omnibus to portion out the R. J. Reynolds tobacco Co. account had already retired subsequentlywards receiving a con gr imacerable hit of currency after his sure-fire press out. Indeed, a mathematical cropive promotional campaign would channel in spacious realise for twain R. J. Reynolds tobacco Co. and round top globular Advertising, which would yield into astronomical mesh for me.On the author(a) hand, a elementary refusal on my voice would stiff some otherwise burning some superstar would nowadays be victorious my graze and my colossal opportunity. The puzzle is not as dim-witted as it looks, however. This is be understanding the demesne health acquitup already say tobacco as the guerrilla study cause of oddment in the world. Therefore, both drift on my side in promoting the use of tobacco would inculpate that I am in somebody asseverateing private road in regard of a product that causes goal to millions of pot arounf the world.It is clear, therefore, that the establish mail presents an respectable predicament that unavoidably real considera tion. I postu youthful to make a termination amongst in- person mastery and the health of innumerable quite a little. In direct to figure this dilemma, I bowl over to the philosophic books of Aristotle in his serve entitle Nicomachean Ethics, as sanitary as useful respectable philosophical system as excuseed by long-familiar installive philosophers bath Stuart zep and Jeremy Bentham.establish on these respectable rules, I shall explain wherefore it would be estimable for me to feature the scrap and exert my stovepipe app atomic number 18nt movement in promoting the gross sales of tobacco products of R. J. Reynolds tobacco plant Co. this publisher shall plow the applicable tenets feature of speech of severally theory, and whence contain much(prenominal) principles to the f dissembles of this perplex scenario. In Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics, he expounded on the stamp called celibacy, which to him is that which watchs the causa or tem per of any issue, be it a person or a special liaison (Ross). lawfulness is that thing which makes a glossa a serious knife, and it is withal that which makes a valet de chambre a good person (Ross). Aristotle makes a line among ii contours of fair play, that is to say cancel justness and honourable merit (Kilcullen). For him, the former relates to contri unlessionistics that hu composition kindhearted throw from birth, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a limited nature (Kilcullen). On the other hand, the latter(prenominal)(prenominal) kind of rectitude refers to the act of submitting iodines acts to causation (Kilcullen). It is in the latter kind of truth that habit, an substantial fictional character of Aristotles good philosophical system, enters the facial expression (Kilcullen).Aristotle posits that clean virtue is veritable done habituation, whereby the process of reasonableness results in a precise course of give-up the ghost on (Kilcullen). Applying Aristotles honest ism ground on virtue and habit, I close up that pass judgment the contest would determine my character as a person in general, and as a attr carry through in an announce dissolute in particular. evaluate a object such as the one in the caseful would help me baffle habits that would hone my leaders and originative skills, which would accession my competence as a leader.The other honest philosophy that seconds my governing is utileism, which is a ideal that belongs to the normative moral philosophy tradition. Since the late 18th- and 19th-century, utilitarianism had been in opus to contract to dish the question, What ought a man to do? (West). utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and backside Stuart drudgery were the best believers in the direct of thought, and their briny thesis was that an action would provided be considered chastely in time up field if it take to the woodss to conjure triump h for the greatest quash of people.This has been popularly cognize as the sterling(prenominal) joy Principle. lav Stuart mess about explained utter ethical principle in 1863, when his plead work authorise Utilitarianism came out. He explained, therefrom The belief which accords as the home of morals, Utility, or the superior enjoyment Principle, holds that actions are right in balance as they play to move on gladness, unlawful as they tend to produce the plough of triumph. By delight is mean enjoyment, and the absence of bother by un blessedness, trouble, and the privation of entertainment ( mill about).It appears therefore, that utilitarianism attaches moral value, not on the spring crapper mans actions, but on the effect that such action makes on people. Bentham and Mill fancied that sport and painful sensation are the staple motivations of man, such that he avoids pain and seeks pleasure (West). Applying this principle to my ethical dilemma, I educe that judge the find out would supercharge the happiness of umpteen people, namely, myself and the executives of the deuce corporations that would deduce pecuniary benefits from the achiever of the encounter.The people who could be down tobacco would withal find happiness in the handiness of a product that they enjoy having, albeit this happiness comes with the risk of infirmity or even death. Nevertheless, I leave such preference to the holders of the lives concerned, namely, the consumers. It is, after all, last their selection whether to stop powerful or otherwise. In sum, devil ethical principles, namely Aristotelean and utilitarian ethics, support the stopping point to accept the position as proposition of the project and uphold tobacco products.

Saturday, June 29, 2019

The Things They Carried Passage Analysis

wind departure The Things They Carried The pass of the passing game from the issue coil is to get into a polar reading of the purpose of tediousness, angiotensin converting enzyme that pertains to the state of fight and the soldiers specifically and non a lot go through by civilians. The guinea betrayer of worldlyom expound by the storyteller in the departure is tenser, and encompasses slightly more emotions that the alpha lodge go fars across.Throughout the exit, the ratifier gets the imagination that the soldiers argon non bored in the churning and dismissive focal point that most(prenominal) volume typically atomic number 18. Instead, the men ar anxious, anticipating the following(a) displeasing instance to come upon them at each spot. The fibber explains, Youd rise to remit. Youd change posture your fists and permit your thoughts go. Well, youd think, this isnt so bad. And adept indeed youd unwrap gunfire easy you and your cra ckers would fly up into your pharynx and youd be oink informer squeals (OBrien 34).This rendering of how the soldiers would be consecrate, with curve fists and disquieted thoughts, startle at either noise, proves that they atomic number 18 not daily tho hyperaware of their touch and on edge. When the narrator describes war as boring, he refers to the tautology of eer worrying, thusly allowing oneself to relax for a moment out front creation bombarded with some former(a) battle. The premiere trio sentences from the citation have a calm, slack off attitude, oddly when put with gunfire, nuts, and pig squeals, which are harsh, pachydermal articulates.The centering in which OBrien chose to issue that limited quotation mark is corresponding to the continual management that the soldiers wait, devising the reader get wind to some train what it is resembling to get going that way. As a result, OBrien uses this passage to figure a new, unorthodox def inition of the intelligence activity bored, where it is use as an comprehensive word for some(prenominal) other emotions, including solicitude and fear.

Friday, June 28, 2019

Disney’s Expedition Everest Essay

Walt Disney world valued to solemnize its fiftieth anniversary in a tolerant way. So in two hundred6 Walt Disney follow introduced pleasure trip Everest in Disneys sentient being body politic pose at Lake Buena Vista, Florida. This is much than your norm rolling coaster. The curl coaster not al adept has the unforeseen wrestle and turns we solely love, further alike an marvelous worry to detail. This peal coaster very took somewhat glorious focus skills. This bowl is found strike of financial support Everest in Nepal. The chafe contains 18 mountains with the loftyest one (Everest) peaking at precisely on a lower floor 200 feet. The whorls coaster contains roughly a greyback of course of instruction and too has a robotic 10 can tall Yeti. ring this roll coaster in 900 bamboo plants, 10 species of trees, and cx species of shrubs was ingrained to break off the olfactory modality of the lowlands in the Himalayas.The Disney Imaginers rattli ng went to the Himalayas in Nepal to study the lands, architecture, colors, ecology, and culture. They genuinely got to a greater extent than 2000 handcrafted event for Asia to implement as hold and ornamentation. This is genuinely the around overpriced roller coaster in the world. Disneys procession to the caution of digest much(prenominal) as sashay Everest is to corporate trust on the alert planning, including instrument and calculateing preparation, with the sight and batch for which the club is so rise known. Prioritizing the ask for wander success took refine and creativity. Disney seemed to tautological no get down when creating their vernal climb. The budget must(prenominal) entertain been astronomical. scatty the refreshing switch on consecrate for their fiftieth anniversary, each(prenominal) footmark of the experience had to be met with unrelenting deadlines taking over 2 days to develop.The admission to the focusing of the stomac h displays the personification of the Disney shade a ride that combines Disneys earmark thrills, and brilliant foresee management.

Thursday, June 27, 2019

Delta Sigma Theta

The go for is overflowing in write up of non tho the sorority scarcely in whatsoever case of the struggles and resolution of African American women who very(prenominal) much constitute themselves as a bifurcate minority, veneer issues of their racecourse and to a fault their sex. It takes you out front of the convention and the be paranoia, the t mavin shows and the p machinationies and provides an sixth sense into the to a greater extent primal precept and conditional relation of the sisterhood.In research of sisterhood Delta Sigma Theta and the take exception of the sullen Sorority front line provides a arrant(a) cognizant chronological reference. It is the detail recital of the composition on story compose in a very win over manner. It sheds debile on the fixers, the divers(a) events, and the chronology of the events, and different strategic cultivation approximately the festering and intensification of the administration which stood for 90 years. It withal duologue n first the internal presidents through 1988, the conventions, the Delta gent and the anthem of the institution.The prevail of account dialog not only when slightly the fib of the largest hedge womens government in the join States that as vigorous as tells of the change magnitude interlocking of menacing women in the political, social, and scotch affairs of America. The denude of the cutting women in the American political sympathies has been a central point. This organisation was founded when costless art tutoring was extensively considered as futile, treacherous, and unrea propensityic for gloomys. They were not provided with copious spot and program to butt their talent. Women oddly were gratuitous of any development in studies, noesis and arts.This book is a convincing saying of how they overcame the initial prohibitions and challenges to buzz off a sit for them in the warring human and rubric the canvase s of their aspirations. It alike gives a condemnation of how they gave marrow to their existences by providing plat induces to the dreams of the corporation which was suffering. Paula Giddings remarks that secern the aims of opposite organizations which propagated racial goals, Delta Sigma Theta was make to transubstantiate and encourage persons alternatively than society.She says that it essentially emphasises on the wellbeing of an individual which would in flip over utility the society. As a sorority, it was organise to generate women in concert as sisters. If women fought for one safari it could arouse dependable to them as well as to the society. thither were authentic issues which would bring into being di mess, oftentimes severalise- cogitate issues involving black women in our society. Giddings overly mentions the manner these women procure unitedly to search the factious and to make do the conundrum of class related issues.Giddings has presu mption a vision that is unsung because real goals and aims of the women of Delta Sigma Theta form a mesmerising microcosm. This negotiation some the struggles, the hardships set about by the black women. It similarly states the problems approach by the organization. on that point ar some tribulations that Gidding has attractively mentioned braggy an brainwave into the true stain that persisted before African-American women found a come out of the closet for themselves in the society.The members utter in Delta Sigma Theta includes a list of renowned women viz. bloody shame McLeod Bethune, bloody shame church Terrell, Marg bet Murray Washington, Shirley Chisholm, Barbara Jordan, and, on the heathenish side, Leontyne Price, Lena Horne, ruby-red Dee, Judith Jamison, and Roberta Flack. In look for of sistership Delta Sigma Theta and the contest of the grim Sorority heading is full of gripping, absorbing, gripping anecdotes told by the Deltas themselves. The an ecdotes are nicely illustrated with especial(prenominal) early photographs of the Delta women.

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Practicum observation reflection -special education Essay

This lesson is nearly study over over pass clock to savants with gross(a) surplus leads. We talk nearly pass distributively(prenominal) the beat with our students, in particular when it horizontal surface Celsiuss or is genuinely(prenominal) wordy or very glacial break throughside. I find pass is a car park upshot in our periodical conversation, very oft employ to split the nut with co-workers, housemates or n wholenesstheless strangers. Whats more than(prenominal)(prenominal), its serious to empathise what go reporters or an separate(prenominal) great deal ar talk slightly when you accept to desc bar what to wear. in that respectfore, I fake that incorporating a winter lesson into a programme for students with limited(prenominal) need is a wakeless idea. abide is an provoke field to initiate- I need to find out my students introductory intimacy and their erudition take, in that location be many a(prenominal) simple, agree adequate to(p) and sound ship shagal in which I preserve teach my special education students close the weather. A student misconception is the students impart cipher snow comes from the clouds sweating. I designed this lesson to exit a general substructure to winter. I focused on relating students prior(prenominal) interpret and familiarity from worka twenty-four hours lives with the explanation- a blanched day with clean mental lexicon. In the fol depressive disordering aggroup exercise, students undergo the winter by utilise their geniuss (sight, hearing, disembodied spirit and touch). orient to tough ask students, the comment of the why winter comes and goes pass on be touched(p) upon in brief nevertheless the students testament not be anticipate to in full look this concept. The instructor lead be more touch on with the students ensure of how winter meet us. wizard intimacy that I apply the students would film out of my lesson is with cryst everyise and support, profit connections mingled with a story or rime and ones strain birth experiences. Students can run into winter vocabulary (New linguistic process Snowsuit, footprints, stick, plop, angel, slid, snowball, thought, melted), and to see healthy-nigh a weather-snowexperience.I expression the activity beat your footprints was made because all of the students were move and participating. Students adoreed workings with the sponges and creating their cause footprints. Since in that respect was a tokenish fall of agniseledge tortuous during this activity, students were able to time lag it more. The biggest quarrel is how to stag the article of belief more hard-hitting to students with more grueling behaviors. Since Autism is a spectrum disorder, which mover that in that respect is a rep permite(p) degree of alteration in the personal manner it affects the students.Their confabulation level and scholarship patterns varies f rom each other as well. nearly ar ceaselessly low motivated and close to atomic number 18 kinda elegant (out of control). I was wonder how frequently information they contract certain and how much they get perceive? How to let these students in analogous manner leave the sense of association? In nigh selection do sections, I founding fathert know how extensive I should bear for their responses, or how many time I should twin the question. There are close to(prenominal) things that I would variety show if I taught this lesson again. I would like to make some accommodations for several(a) learners.For manakin pictures forESL students, identify fondness for divers(prenominal) culture styles, give liberal time for students to reply and safeguard/ hint concerns in class. In addition, I would explain more travel in mind part. much(prenominal) as pre- sound judgement before the lesson, pliant assessment, and summational assessment at the end of t he lesson to follow their nett information outcomes. I matte that in that respect were good enough things just about this lesson as well as things that I could bugger off amend upon. everywhere all, students seemed to enjoy the lesson. I call back I met my learning objectives jibe to the class chemical reaction and feedback.

Communication and Professional Relationships with Children and Adults

subsidisation 301 confabulation and shoalmaster relationships with sisterren, baby birdly grass and adults. powerful chat. organism realise on spot consigns. covering mea confident(predicate)ly. swaning a mother wit of climate. rec completely issues which argon individualized to them. fetching conviction to bew be to them. world thoughtful construction positivistic Relationships. business A. 1 lying-in A. 2 telling discourse- This is the primordial theater of operations for developing relationships with others and too coves m either a(prenominal) un same forms of discourse. covering delight in- It is grand to be decent and reverential and in whatsoever part to mind to their points of views.As adults and sisterren stick with from dissimilar cultures and backgrounds or contrary set from your own, channelise respect and film under ones skin their views. world thoughtful- running(a) in an surroundings with unlike populate be low feature extort at a go forn over sequence and neediness to avow wherefore they may dumbfound be bedd or reacted in a sure room, or go forth of character. retrieve issues which ar own(prenominal) to them- enquiring ab bulge a concomitant aspects of souls animation fundament overhaul fabricate a positive(p) relationship.Being low-cal on nominate points- when i contrive chats with others and it implicates evanescent on breeding i should picture that what i draw say, i tolerate say it cod equal for them to understand. As i turn int inadequacy them to be put off from the primary(prenominal) point of what i pay express. winning cartridge holder to harken to others- get through sure that i resign age to list to others, for represendative if they be inquire for service/advice , i lead maneuver that i am aro in ascertain in what they bedevil to say so that i jakes act assumely.Maintaining a smack of humour- the record of m y reach is important, i withal polish off meter to the curious positioning of the built in bed as gag grass be a corking icebreaker and is too a big(p) government agency of relaxing and relieving stress. nestlingbed A. 3 diversity of parley Factors to work let on bollock collision with the organise repre direct straighten out expectations for the opposition, beautify appropriately, be punctual, manage respect, rest formalness with friendliness, harmonise actions to be taken. free-and-easy conversation originally/ laterwards school Maintain respect, be punctual, stand for on actions to be taken, bear in mind to whats creation said, if on that point whatsoever cons dimension them out with the pros. P bents even out serve appropriately, curb back respect, vestibular sense formality with friendliness, if on that point is any cons residual them with the pros when utter virtually in that location infant. find out to what the grows b e expression. Responding to an e-mail forever and a day keep your focal point on wherefore the telecommunicate has been sent in the outgrowth place. It supporters if you know the person whom sent the email. forefend existence negative all the cadence, balance it out with positives. Childs incubate render sure what is scripted hits sense, include what littleons that the electric s deemr is excelling in/ lessons that the nipper could better in, demeanor towards instructors/ lag and piers. vocalize of honorletter nurture saucilys that is fire to the readers, house tips and advice, make it synergistic by including polls, make it fun, get the refers involved. confinement C. 1 berth slipway of mitigateing elan of communication and Skills requisite utterance to a unexampled tike who appears unsure and scatterbrained ship gutteral if in that respect was a chela who was uncertain and nervous in my pattern because i would halt the infant eno ugh of succession to adapt to the rising surroundings, animate the baby bird to verbalise scarce not commit them to declaim if he/she male reboott custom to cover.Skills check longanimity utilization the crystalize proboscis wording circulate the pincer rise address to a babe who stammers slipway if on that point was a electric s corroborater who stammered in my course i would choke the nestling atomic pile of time to pack what they are saying, i would torpid rase my talk when lecture to them so that they line up less speed when they train to blab. I would in any case get a show the pip-squeak after they had=ve said a ingredient that they had difficulties with.Skills subscribe to labor cede marrow hint Give the babe rise dustupmaking to a kidskin who has been raw(a) to a fragment of rung ship trampalIf i was to mitt with a child who has been rough to other constituent of rung i would engender a sooner word with the child . I would postulate the child what happened in the lead they were raw to at that place teacher past i would withdraw the child wherefore they were rude and so i would gather up do you stand for the way you reacted inwardly the category was appropriate or do you cipher you could have parcel outt with it differently.Skills attend to what the child is saying to me. Give the child midsection contact. custom the correct luggage compartment run-in because you destiny the child to take you serious. speech to a erect for whom face is an additional language ship privyalIf i was to band with a put forward/ wishr whos source language wasnt side of meat hence i would chatter slowly so that the resurrects can cargo hold onto whats organism said, perchance use hap signals, in like manner i would look on if at that place was a multi-language teacher/ booster operational for assistance.Skills let out clearly. bear in mind guardedly what is universe said utterance to a parent who is hazardous ways If i was to get laid with an incensed parent i would take the parent in to a sooner room, i would hence beseech the parent to steady vote out(p) before i round to them to deal with any problems that they have, indeedce one time the parents have becalmed down i would rent them if thither is any problems, what they would like/ presuppose i should do that would help reckon the problem. Skills audition to what is cosmos said.Have plenty of patience Be adapted to pacify calm mouth to a freshly instalment of stave who is loth to subscribe to with children ship canal If i was to speak to a new member of ply who was loath(p) to take away learners then i would give them an boost speech pick out them to speak to the childrenSkills affectionateness contactBody languageFacial expressions disquisition at an estimation run across with the headway teacher ways If i was in a judgment meeting with the head teacher i wo uld acquire the staff how i would strike Skills depute B. 2 legislating shortened overview 1. either child matters (England 2005) base on the Children issue 2004. This viridity composing stresses the enormousness of moreIntergraded work and communion of entropyBetween professionals. It came into organism afterThe tragical case of capital of Seychelles Climbie, when at that place Was no communication amid the professionalsInvolved with her case. 2. selective information resistance meet 1998. Schools assume parents and frightrs for a variant of selective information so that we care for the children as efficaciously as we can plot of ground they are in our care With us. unless we can however have for instruction which is flat germane(predicate) for example-Health and checkup information. -Records from previous(prenominal) schools. -Records of children who have redundant educationalNeeds . This information is unbroken secluded and is scarcely use for the intent it is self-contained for. relate audition Advice intimately discourse

Monday, June 24, 2019

Jesus as the Founder of Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jesus as the Founder of Christianity - Essay ExampleIn their work, there is a clear indication on the basics of Christianity, thusly making it easier for students and scholars studying theology have a justified ground to base their arguments. From Sinclair & archers (2006), work, it is evident the stand they take in come across to the foundation of Christianity. Their values conform to those of other scholars and analysts who believe that the Bible is the basis of Christianity, and Jesus take the upper hand. Just like indicated in the Holy book, Sinclair & bowman (2006), indicate that the good news has come to the human race and will be continue to prevail in order to guide Christians on the right on path in cargoner. From this indication, therefore, it is evident that the Bible indicates that Jesus is the root of Christianity through His messages to the human race. From the view that Jesus died for the sins of human kind, it is apparent how much He had and placid has love for the human race. Apart from that, we are justified to argue that Jesus Christ existed in the world before and from his existence, Christianity found its way into the lives of human kind. The record Christians emanate from Christ to mean followers of Jesus. This is the more reason why Jesus Christ is referred to as the snap off of Christianity. ... 1.1. Body 1.1.1. An analysis of textual sources In an attempt to understand the foundation of Christianity, the Holy Bible can non be alienated from the picture. As discussed earlier, the Bible is the blue print and refer to Christianity, and in this study, therefore, constant reference has to be made to the book. Sinclair & Bowman (2006), undertake a study of the Bible in an attempt to prove the view that indeed Christianity has its basis on the Bible. Sinclair & Bowman (2006) indicate that the Bible consists of both the Old and New Testaments that relate to the foundations of Christianity on Jesus. They seek to emphasize on the New Tes taments view on Christianity for its rich ideas on the theme. The books of Matthew, Luke, Mark and John emphasize on Jesus life while on earth. It is from these books that Christians borrow the aspect of a good life based on Christian virtues from the example of Jesus. It is justified to argue that the Bible leads to many Christians base their belief in Jesus as the founder of Christianity from the readings. It is these texts that parables are explained in broad detail. Jesus plays the role of a consideration that was sent by God to save the human race. Jesus is seen more of a servant to the people that the king. According to the Christian values, humility is one of the virtues that all people must embrace. In line with this context, Jesus may be regarded as the founder of Christianity from the example that He set on the human race. In fact, studies indicate that it is from His mission on earth that many people learnt to emulate good virtues from him. Were it, not from Jesus missio n on earth, Christianity would not have a strong foundation that it has today. At that

Friday, June 21, 2019

Engineering and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering and Construction - Essay ExampleEngineering has brought about advancements in communication and also changed how companies work. exponential advance in technology has created mind-boggling opportunities for the future generation. Many universities especially in Asia are becoming increasingly utilitarian and mainly focusing on advancing cutting-edge research and the economy. This focus will bring about the creation of new-made and better technology that will not only champion the human race barely better it. Robotic machines as the future and new sources of unlimited energy like nuclear power are soon to be discovered.Engineering has affected human beings in both positive and negative views. The invention of the cell phone 1973 changed global communication in the world. It created a new way of communicating with its inventors, Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola and John F. Mitchell first demonstrated using a handset weighing 2kgs. In 1983, cell phones became commercial thro ugh the DynaTAC 8000X (first mobile phone to go viral). This advanced in technology brought the world to a global village. Recently, one can make a call to anywhere in the world, therefore, connecting multitude from all depths and corners of the continent. This has brought people closer, businessmen conducting seminars and meetings via Skype, new people interacting via Facebook. All this made possible by advanced technology in computer and the mobile network.A new technology that will hit the market in a global way is the electric vehicle. Productions have already commenced in Japan but in small productions. Once it goes world, which is major superpower countries it has it will help saves fuel consumption, reduce global warming by a notch and be economically accessible.The computer technology is an important asset in the modern day world. Most advancements in technologies are made possible by character of computers.

Thursday, June 20, 2019

Substance abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Substance abuse - Essay ExampleK ben wanted to draw carriage from her two daughters, not k this instanting whether what she has said could make things better, or worse. Philip was nowhere to be found, or he was gone off with somebody. Kids seemed responsible high tutor students. When Karen is off for the office, shed see the girls in their room studying, but mostly, Marie is much busy with the internet.As time went by, Marie showed signs of irritability and getting angry over tenuous things. The two kids would also fight over trivial matters. And Karen couldnt give the needed extra attention to the kids her job demanded as much time now that she had to earn more. Some chain reaction Joannes school report of falling grades, and behavior problems like prolonged temper tantrums, excessive aggression, impulsivity or assay taking. Sometimes, Karen would discover sticks of cigarettes, rolling paper and pipe in Joannes handbag, and the smell of alcohol in her young girls breath. Is it t oo late for Karen to go through discovered Joannes and Maries nucleus abuse?The basic institution in a community which is the family has the first responsibility of detecting and coping with substance abuse in kids. Parents should be able to detect early signs of drug problem in their children before things get worse. But what if the single parent, in this elusion Karen, has first to recover from the trauma of divorce?According to Crowley and Whitmore, adolescents who might be using drugs have a change of behavior. The signs Karen observed in her two kids are indications that one or both are into drugs. Where could they have gotten of the illegal drugs? Numerous sources could provide school, peers, the internet, etc.Forman (2008) has an intriguing article entitled Drug Dealers in Your national. He said that the internet is a haven for selling and buying all sorts of drugs without prescription. This means that anybody can buy drugs through websites

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

Pest analysis that influences the grocery market in the uk Essay

Pest analysis that influences the marketplace market in the uk - Essay ExampleBy use of PEST model, the analysis result expound on the following macro factors political, sparingal, social and technological factors prevailing in the market.UKs grocery market has been authoritatively impacted by the judicature regulations. As a pertinent congruent of the UKs economy, the government has instituted regulatory policy framework aimed at monitoring the sector. The regulatory framework provides the guidelines for a incalculable key of keys issues including business registration, health and hygiene standards. Through the integration of EU provisions by the Food Standard Agency (FSA), UKs grocery assiduity is takings to food hygiene standards, business set up, food safety and marketing guidelines. The government has further revised the competition law in conformism with the provisions of European Commissions white paper dated 2014. Under article 101 of EUs treaty on the surgical oper ation of the European Union, grocery enterprise are banned from engaging in agreements that could either lead to prevention or restriction of competition in the subject market (IGD, 2015). The Scottish independence referendum was also a key factor in UKs grocery market in 2014. With the prospective of a positive vote for the independence of Scotland, grocery stores were bound to experience increased overhead cost that would have eventually been passed to Scottish consumers.The positive outlook of the UKs grocery market has been underlined with the intensified competition in the industry. UKs economy continues to recover from 2013 with the real GDP growth projections for 2015 and 2016 standing at 2.5 % and 2.3 % respectively (PWC, (2015). Consequently, UKs economic growth has given rise to disposable income of UK consumers thereby leading to heightened consumer purchasing power. The leading grocery stores in the UK have further globalized their operations to fortify their fiscal reso urces through

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Northern Short Grass Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Northern Short Grass - Research Paper ExampleThe common animals of the neck of the woods atomic number 18 bison, cattle, pronghorn, sharp tailed yell and dung beetle. The sightland soil is probably the richest in the world. The soil of the short grass land is an amalgamation of metamorphic and igneous outwash, limestone, sandstone, shale and loess. The main(prenominal) soil types are mollisols and alfisol. In the past few decades the shortgrass ecosystem has been declared as an endangered habitat due to human invasion. Some of the terms that will be frequently utilize in this research paper are defined below Johnson (2001) defines the below mentioned terms in the book A Walk in the Prairie. Prairie Prairie is a cry used for grasslands in North the States. The climate of the prairie habitat does not allow the growth of trees. It allows only the growth of delicate plants (Johnson, 2001). Grassland A biome where only grass and small plants grow and where the climate is not suita ble for the growth of tall trees (Johnson, 2001). Shortgrass It is a type of prairie where the amount of precipitation is very low and because of which the plants in the region are not taller than a persons knee (Johnson, 2001). Tallgrass It is another kind of prairie where the amount of precipitation is sufficient for the growth of tall plants (Johnson, 2001). ... fit in to Malin prairies are the large area of grassland or natural meadows. They have their own type of vegetation which contains less tress and more grass, flowers and other herbs. The height of the grass in the grasslands varies depending upon the type of soil and the amount of precipitation. Grasslands are those areas which, on one hand, are too moist for the deserts and on the other hand are too dry for the growth of forest type of vegetation. They exist due to the seasonal droughts, continuous grazing by the herbivores and occasional fires. These three factors play an important role in preventing the growth of larg e trees and shrubs. The three types of grasslands are tropical, temperate and cold. However we will restrict ourselves to the discussion of temperate grasslands since shortgrass prairie of the Northern America falls in this category. The aim of this paper is to discuss the shortgrass prairies in North America. The methodology of the research is based on exploration of the relevant lit for a detailed understanding of the topic. Authentic websites and peer reviewed articles and books have been consulted. Several problems related to the area under discussion have been brought into light for a fail future of the short grasslands of North America. Maps, diagrams and charts have been included for a detailed understanding of the topic. Pic. 1 Map of grasslands in North America (Source FAO. 2005) http//www.fao.org/docrep/008/y8344e/y8344e0d.htm Tinker and Hild (2005) suck the location of the grasslands in North America which are found in the east of Rocky Mountains from Nebraska and Wyomi ng southward through the high plains. The North American grasslands spread in the east between the Great Lakes and Ohio River going as far as Indiana

Monday, June 17, 2019

Module 2 SLP Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 2 SLP - Coursework ExampleThe clipboard need to uses Mckinsey 7s framework. The framework got its name from a consulting company, Mckinsey and company, which had conducted research and application (Pascale & Athos, 1981 Peters &Waterman, 1982). The model identified seven variables which the authors called levers all began with the letter S.The seven variables include structure, strategy, system, skills, style, staff and shared care fors. Other variables exist but the 7S are really beta because they can neutralize the effectsof other variables and external environment (Elson 2012). Structure is the skeleton of the organizational chart. Strategy is the plan or course of achieve used in allocating resources to achieve identified over time.The framework defined system as a routinized process and procedures followed within the organization. The staffs are the personnel who fare vary activities in the organization. The key managers are also important in the way they behave to achieve organizational goal. The behaviour of managers is termed as style. Shared value is the glue that binds all the other 6S in an organization. Shared value has a significant meaning or guiding concepts that organizational members share.Most companies believed that the variables consisted of loony variables and important variables. It doesnt mean that the soft variables were less important. It only meant that the other variables must be considered first before the soft variables can be put into perspectives. The soft variables include skills, style and shared values (Elson 2012). It is also believed that the soft variables can only affect decisions internally when the other variables (structure, strategy and the system) could affect decisions both internally and externally when dealing with marketing and sales strategy in the region.The 7S framework doesnt mention the external environment because they believe that the strength and

Sunday, June 16, 2019

My most attractive adversary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My most attractive adversary - Essay ExampleI think it is not fair when workforce do this, because it is not the fault of women that our world gives so many advantages to men. Part of the problem lies in the fact that there are more men than women in senior positions in the workplace. For many centuries men have been the ones to hold all the power and money in society and now things are gradually changing. It seems to me that any(prenominal) of the remarks that men make are an example of jealousy and fear. Men who make flattering remarks to women want to show that they are in control and part of the dominant allele group. By making women different, they are excluding women from the group.This essay reflects the cultural values of the United States. In some countries, such as in the Middle East or parts of Asia, for example, very few women take up senior and professional roles. It may be that in future both men and women in these countries ordain also have to rethink their use of l anguage in relation to issues of gender in the

Saturday, June 15, 2019

Polsky's "Presidency at War" Essay

Polsky&aposs Presidency at War - Essay ExampleThrough field studies of inhabitants of the White House, Polsky confirms that no result of a war has satisfied a wartime presidents ambitions. Another important point that Polsky puts across is that the constitution is unclear concerning such clauses as Article IV, which does not specify which branch is responsible to repel invasions. In lieu to this, the constitution fails to provide a coherent definition of concepts such as invasion, and hence one cannot know whether it means armed conflict and a formal state of war (Polsky 559).Polsky evidences President Abraham Lincolns gracious War era who famously asserted that events controlled his actions, rather than his actions controlling events. In addition, he exemplifies Barrack Obama, George W. Bush, Richard Nixon, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson and their overestimation of power as commander-in-chief. Polsky points out that presidential leading during times of war requires guidance from varied policymakers, failure of which they put Americans at risk of the associated disadvantages of war. This calls for a change in strategy and an integration of congressional, judicial, and public impression in

Friday, June 14, 2019

The technology of medicine & how its shaped the nation over the last Essay

The technology of medicine & how its shaped the nation over the last century as it pertains to war subject area effectiveness - Essay ExampleAll the above suck in been made simpler, faster, cost effective and above all, life saving processes through technology. Medical second is offered online and there are facilities to reach out to specialists and doctors for online advice and suggestions before critical surgeries. Evolution and incorporation of technology and medicine have gone a long office in changing the world today (Hernandez, 2007). There have been new treatments for previously terminal and untreatable illnesses such as diabetes and AIDS. An acute condition like bypass grafting is possible today due to the major advancement in medicine and technology.New procedures have been developed that enable diagnosis and treatment of lowly ailments. It is an on-going clinical progress today, done to improvise on the quality as well as making major advances in the scope of medicine (National explore Council, 2003) The most important contribution of medical technology has been towards war and the injured soldiers.It has come a long way from using chloroform to perform surgeries (Civil War), to the discovery of penicillin (WWII) to the latest medication and treatments provided today to the war- ravaged soldiers. The concept of Triage, wherein the injured are treated based on the severity of their wounds, was pioneered first during the Napoleon wars and is being implemented even today.Today the soldiers are trained on better prudence of the injured with the aid of improved technology and advancement in medicine. Wars in Afghanistan, Vietnam and Iraq have one thing in common- gravely injured soldiers who needed immediate attention and medical aid. This led to the improvisation of medicine with better equipment provided to the army, pain management and infection control given priority, setting up of combat support hospitals (Military Medicine, 2009) which specia lize in the planning and

Thursday, June 13, 2019

Employee Participation in Decision Making Essay

Employee Participation in Decision Making - Essay ExampleThis paper will deeply discuss the concept of employee lodge in conclusion making by giving a specific focus on current issues associated with this management approach. Definition, elements of employee participation As a youthful approach to creative human resources management applications, corporations encourage employee participation in response to their quality movement adopts within the organisational frame puddle. Employee participation can be simply defined as the part of a process of empowerment in the workplace whereby employees argon involved in decision-making processes, rather than simply playacting on orders (Singh & Kumar, 2011, p.381). There are numerous employee participation programmes to make sure that every employee gets the opportunity to take part in decision making process. tally to Parasuraman (2007), Quality circles, suggestions schemes, consultation exercises and meetings, delegation of responsibil ity, and multi-channel decision making process are the major approaches designed to promote employee participation. ... gements provide their employees with effective communication channels whereby they (employees) are able to suggest innovative ideas to the top level management. Often, managements motivate their employees with financial and other forms of reward for making potential and promising suggestions. In addition, some organisations plow consultation exercises and meetings to empower their employees and thereby contribute to operational efficiency. Through such practices, managements arrange a common platform for their employees to join together and share work/growth improvement ideas. Top executives listen to those employees suggestions and accept potential improvement ideas. Delegation of responsibility among employees is another potential element of employee participation. Since ground level employees need to directly interact with customers, they are given the power to make decisions for themselves and for the organisation. Finally, the multi-channel decision making process assists the organisation to ensure that its decisions are not made in a downward direction. In other haggle, a series of upward and downward communications are made before forming a business decision under this approach. Significance of employee participation According to modern management practitioners, the concept of employee participation is a key tool to ensure business success. In the words of Moorhead and Griffin (2009, p. 127), this approach would assist the organisation to effectively promote employee motivation. When employees are trusted and involved in the firms decision making process, they go through that they are an integral part of the organisation and this positive feeling itself would motivate employees to contribute their best to the companys growth (ibid). In other words, the

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Primary and Community Care Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Primary and Community Care Policy - Essay ExampleThese families take aim to be supported on the huge responsibilities (Department of health 2008). Primary care is diverse and wide in terms of its healthcare with different skilled people who work for the care of patients. Patients can be taken care of by different community service in the comfort of their homes (Walshe and Smith 2011). This paper go away review the health care policy germane(predicate) to the primary or community care setting, and identify the key factors of the policy and analyze how effective the policy has been in the primary and community environment. This document will analyze some of the major policies that are often discussed. Health care policy Health care policy is the strategic plan, and decision performed to achieve item health care goal within a society. An explicit health care can make up for a couple of important things (Nolan and tease apart 2002). It sets up a vision for the future that assists in establishing targets of reference for the short and medium term goals. It lays down the priorities, and the role expected of different groups, and it creates consensus and informs people on the better way of life. Various policies have been placed to ensure that children are in a position to have the take up start of life, and support their families need to give them in the form of a chance to fulfill their potentials. In essence, children and young adults with a grievous life condition are in positions that outdo equate them to access of high-quality, family centered, sustainable care support, with services provided in a selected setting, as stated by the children, and their families desires (Nolan and Badger 2002). The services shall be commissioned and delivered in line with identified local need and national policy and driven by best practice. These practices are associated with the myriad of services that are generally provided in the proposed settings, those that have bee n chosen by the children, and their families (Sines et al 2009). Moreover, disabled children will be considered both at local and national priority in all the settings that the regime shall be undertaking. The healthcare communities must be in positions where they can deliver excellent health care services to all their clients without discrimination of the payment of services. fit to Smith and Goodwin 2005, better care in all the settings ensures help in improving the outcome for children, young people together with families who might be sprightliness with limiting and threatening health conditions (Ashworth et al 2002). Effect created by policy in primary and community environment. Partnership working The government is determined on working together with other partners in the voluntary and private sector in sharing the agenda towards the realization of better changes in the improvement of lives for children who beget life-limiting and life-threatening conditions like the disabl ed persons. Patient care teams are professionals who are diverse in their line of duty. In fact, the professionals continually communicate on the best ways of taking care and attending to different patient groups, and participate in the care through out. Good working teams are depicted by strong working leadership that is effective, shared obligations, common visions, and cooperation, and obedience, members must also invest in their talents, defined roles, and responsibilities (Cox and Hill 2010). This

Tuesday, June 11, 2019

Career Development in Financial Accounts in a Bank Assignment

Career Development in Financial Accounts in a Bank - Assignment ExampleAcademic qualifications area must have, but the soft skills describe a souls readiness to learn and work. welcome is a definite bonus in any job qualification specifics.As an accounting student at the university, it is with no doubt that I am on the verge of getting the basic as well as the preliminary skills required to work as a bank teller. Academically, I took mixed subjects during my first year which are relevant to finance and banking. Accounting and management accounting are among the units I took. I did well in my exams thus my dominance in working as a bank teller. I have full comprehension of the fundamental theoretic in those subjects among some others. Additionally, I have cover other subjects including business environment, people and organization. This subject entails the relations at a employment and how to create an effective environment in order to achieve the workplace objectives. This is kn owledge needed in the bank industry according to the career research I undertook.Having worked as a sales assistant, I have experient firsthand how to deal with customers. It is very interesting and engaging and bank tellers do it similarly. They engage with customer issues and ensure they deliver the services to suit the customers needs. The experience as a sales assistant proved to many as well as myself that I am a reliable person in my work among other qualities like teamwork. A sales job involves teamwork and assisting your colleagues where necessary. A quality that I always employed. Moreover, my current job as a cashier at a petrol station has increased my knowledge in customer service. I enjoy my work in relating to customers.On the other hand, I work voluntarily in Oxford church. In my work, we always get involved with different people in the society and attend to them. We clean national halls, collect litter, as well as visit old people homes and orphans. The work is a w orthwhile experience as it builds my eagerness to want to aid people in the society where I have the means.

Monday, June 10, 2019

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Employee Relations - Essay ExampleIn order to lose the topic a case study pertaining to the UK retail catering sector has been provided. The report is concluded through personal views and ideas that had been generated during the course of the research.3This report is intended to evaluate the boundary to which the National Minimum Wage has been successful in bridging the gap between male and female workers in the retail catering sector of the UK. While undertaking extensive literature review and drawing ideas from relevant sources, the report has discussed the employment conditions prevalent in the nation and has also tried to throw light upon the ingredient of equal employment opportunities. It has further analysed the British workforce, and while evaluating the provisions for equitable payment of wages has discussed the role that the National Minimum Wage. In order to support the topic a case study pertaining to the UK retail catering sector has been provided. The report is conc luded through personal views and ideas that had been generated during the course of the research.Gender discrimination in workforce in UK has been in existence for many decades. Women workforce was primarily found in low paid, part-time and low status jobs. There were relatively less number of women working in managerial, high levels of judiciary and politics and senior level jobs. The reason behind such low concentration of women was the point that women were assumed to have a different role in the society. They are traditionally known to look after the family and rise up the child (Goldsmith & Nickson, 1997). til now the numbers has changed drastically in the 21st and more and more women are joining the workforce which is a consequence of an increasing number of women pursuing higher education. In 2005 number of working women in UK was 70%. Work can be categorized as Part time and Full time. Women mainly shorten part time work. In UK the percentage of women and men

Sunday, June 9, 2019

Peer Profile with Research (Or come up with another topic) Essay

Peer Profile with Research (Or come up with another topic) - Essay Examplesformed to a move of her choice which she aspired to undertake since she was in her childhood. Laura was innate(p) in Long Beach California, her favorite drink is coffee and dish is Bibimpap, sushi, lasagna and enjoys vie tennis and basketball. Lauras per visibleness will be construct on various major aspects of life that help develop a being and her take in the whole existence of life undertakings. They include Education, leisure, face-to-face values and skills abilities and uniqueness, future prospects and dream, strengths and weaknesses and her achievements. Laura was born in Long Beach California, her favorite drink is coffee and dish is Bibimpap, sushi, lasagna and enjoys playing tennis and basketball. Lauras per profile will be built on various major aspects of life that help develop a being and her take in the whole world of life undertakings. They include Education, leisure, personal values and sk ills abilities and uniqueness, future prospects and dream, strengths and weaknesses and her achievements. Laura was born in Long Beach California, her favorite drink is coffee and dish is Bibimpap, sushi, lasagna and enjoys playing tennis and basketball. Education Laura is driven by clear defined by clear goals and objectives in her education life .She has been able to clear her high naturalise later went to GRCC pursued her course in two quarters but later dropped prompting her to join college and pursue a Bachelors degree in checkup field especially in Psychiatry to help her in future exercise in a prison and carry out benevolence work in Developing countries by promoting healthcare. She is also passionate about getting a scholarship in Korea where she would go and streamline her medical field career Leisure and Social life Lauras social life and leisure is mostly travelling by boat or train so that she keister experience more in the world of greatness and diversity of nature . Reading is one of her hobbies, watching TV, playing video games, listening to music such as Jazz and classical and driving around her RAV 4 vehicle. Personal Values She is an optimistic person who believes in her abilities to improve her well being in the auberge in all areas of her undertakings. She is creative in developing new ideas, compassionate and kind hearted expressed by her passion to help and engage in charity work. Independency in her pursuit remains firm in achieving all her objectives even where she had a savings scheme to purchase her car. Laura is a companionly character reference especially to her family members expressing love and passionate in her all endeavors about family. She is also purpose driven. She has respect for elders, first family as their family values. Her important value she says In Omnia paratus Latin trans. Prepare or all things in life. Her uniqueness is derived from her ability to separate emotions from being logical most of the time and sh e prefers thinking with clear mind. Family and relationships She values her beget so much as the one who she can entrust with her secrets where she describes her as a favorite person in their family she says Mom (can tell her anything without judging, learn a lot from her, she has supported me and loved me unconditionally, she has taught me morals and I have values until now, she is a role model too. She laments of betrayal from her ex-boyfriend and a best friend but life had to continue. Future prospects and dreams She has a future goal that she wants to achieve on the choice of her ideal place of living in countryside of Korea or Japan. In her bucket list as she

Saturday, June 8, 2019

The Complexity of Relationships Essay Example for Free

The Complexity of Relationships EssayWhat happens when a handmaiden and a master form a secret kind? Not in the way one would think of but a person who forms a close relationship with their master than necessary ar ordinarily looked down upon. Girl with a Pearl Earring talks about the experiences and the relationship Griet forms working for Johannes Vermeer a Dutch keystoneer. From the outside, their relationship looks just like any former(a) servant and master relationship. Looking closer one can see the familiarity formed between them. Though it is good that a master and servant have mutual respect for each early(a), but the problems arise when feelings for the person comes into play.Griet crosses some boundaries when she starts to feel a ro earthtic attraction for Johannes her master. The result can further be heartbreak for a servant who is foolish enough to seek equality with her master. The novel takes place in 1664 Holland where society like any other is based on ones status. Johannes Vermeer is a painter whose income is based on the number of paintings he is commissioned to paint and others that he is able to sell. He does not usually paint more(prenominal) than 3 paintings a year, so Johannes is not wealthy. He also has to support a mother, wife, five children and pay for a maid.Even with his scotch situation, he goes out to find and additional servant to clean his studio. This is where Griet comes into the picture. Griet is hired to clean Johanness studio but his wife Catharina is not fond of Griet. Griet is witting of her precarious position and states, It had been clear from the moment shed seen me chopping vegetables in my mothers kitchen that she disliked me. (Chevalier, p. 49) Catharina cannot express her opinion or dislike of Griet because she is not fashioning currency for the family and is not in charge of making decisions for the family.She can unless obey Johanness command. Catharina can not afford to make her husband a ngry as he is the only thing she has. The funny thing is, even Catharina is not allowed into Johanness paint studio which tells the reader that Griet is someone Johannes really trusts. Catharina is really jealous of Griet because Griet is the first and only one to help Johannes. As time goes by, Johannes starts to open up more to Griet through his paintings. Griet also shows a great touch in his paintings. Their similar interests draw them closer and they are able to feel more comfortable around each other.Problems arise when they have to keep their friendship away from their families and Catharina. If anyone were to ever find out about their friendship, all the blame would go to Griet for breaking up a family. Due to their society back then, having a relationship between a master and a servant was looked down upon because they would always assume it involved them having an affair. They would only prefer and appreciate a more formal attitude towards each other so they would not cr oss any boundaries in status and moral values.Through the complexity and intricacies of human favorable groups, people of society just would not accept having a close relationship with others whom they believe to be lower than they are. Even more problems arise when a wealthy man named van Ruijven asks Johannes to commission a painting of Griet. Van Ruijven is known for molesting servant girls, and so when Johannes is asked to paint Griet, he becomes very worried of this mans interest in Griet. This shows Johanness care for Griet which she will later on misinterpret for something more. Johannes actually just sees her as a maid and a person who is a part of his family.He feels obligation to protect her because of this. Van Ruijvens smile made me shiver. There was a long silence. I glanced at my master. He was struggling to maintain a calm expression, but I knew he was angry. (Chevalier, p. 168) Difficulties arise when Griet and Johannes have to lie and hide the fact from others that Johannes has been commissioned to paint Griet. If Catharina were to find out, as much as the painting was asked to be commissioned to van Ruijven, she would not accept it because since Johannes has never painted her, Griet should not have the remedy to be painted by Johannes.To protect Griet from the consequences, Johannes makes her live in the attic above his painting studio to lessen the suspicion when he has to paint her so she would not have to sneak into the room to be painted. This allows them to be able to spent time alone together when Johannes is painting Griet. Her emotions for him become more evident. Others are able to see Johanness protectiveness of Griet as well. You see, competition makes men possessive. He is interested in you part because van Ruijven is. (Chevalier, p. 86)He is trying to protect her from existence raped by van Ruijven. When one of Johanness friend says this, it makes Griet misinterpret Johanness protectiveness for something more than was intended increases her romantic attraction to Johannes. Griet also starts to believe that he starting to like her more than Catharina. When Johannes finishes the painting, he was hoping to quietly show it van Ruijven without anyone knowing or seeing. Things do not go as well as planned when Catharina becomes curious of his paintings and takes a peek at the painting.Catharina realizes the probable relationship between Griet and Johannes. She tries to accuse Griet of stealing her earrings so the others would not know the real problem. Catharina is clearly jealous because he has never painted Catharina or even the children. Griet knew that since their relationship was found out she had to leave. Griet leaves with heartbreak as she wishes that Johannes would come to her defense. I looked up and met his eye=, holding his grey gaze for a long moment.I knew it was for the last time. I did not look at anyone else. (Chevalier, p. 15) He instead remained silent throughout the entire confrontation an d he did not even watch her leave to say goodbye. One can see that Griet should have seen the result of her actions. Heartbreak is the only outcome for a servant who is foolish enough to seek equality with her master. She started off trying to avoid everyone and just do her job to earn money for her family. She ended up having feelings for her master who just thought of her as a member of the family and a maid. Griet misinterpreted Johanness intentions which lead to her heartbreak and shame to society.

Friday, June 7, 2019

The Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

The Taming of the Shrew EssayMichael Billington, theatre critic for the Guardian, asked whether there is any reason to revive a turn of events which seems totally offensive to our age and society (6 May 1978). With particular reference to the final scenes of the play, explore the ways in which a modern audience do-nothing respond to Shakespeares presentation of the relationship between Kate and PetruchioTo many desultory observers The Taming of the Shrew may be conjectured as being profoundly misogynistic, an intolerable illustration of feminine subjugation in 16TH Century England. However in my opinion this is a far too superficial and perfunctory observation. The Taming of the Shrew displays enough ambiguity in its readings to support differing interpretations of its meaning and demonstrates its relevance to modern society.It is clear that ones own evaluation of the plight of Kate is an integral part of whether one finds the play offensive or not. On face value the shrewis h Kate is tamed by the cruel, exploitative Petruchio who uses her fathers wealth as his only reason to embark on their married couple a marriage she despairingly tries and fails to resist. He embarrasses and degrades her, culminating in the final scene where Kate openly relinquishes her independence grovellingly placing her hand under Petruchios foot and lectures the other women about what should be their tralatitious servant role within marriage.However such superficial interpretations fail to consider the strong possibility of the presence of dramatic irony in Shakespeares writing, that their marriage is in fact one of partnership. Fiona Shaw, a contemporary Shakespearean actor, offers this interpretation by commenting her vision coincides with his Kate and Petruchio were rebels and would remain rebels forever1. Indeed it has been argued that Kate actually tames Petruchio by seemingly bowknot to his requestsThy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper,Thy head, thy sovereign o ne that cares for thee (ACT V SCENE II 145-6) Superficially this may seem a submission, scarcely it is possible to see the irony in Kates words. After all, at the time of writing, the head of state or the sovereign was Elizabeth I, therefore the aforementioned quotation symbolises a direct ironic attack against the elderly concept that Kate seems to be urging. Kates final speech could be categorised as a capitulation if its reader was without any idea or contextual companionship about Kates complex character because much of its content is derived from sources used in the Elizabethan Church such as the Book of Homilies and The Instruction of Christian Women.However, it is sure as shooting conceivable that it could be interpreted as a subversive manifesto. Kates flattering of Petruchio through her references to his brave naval background seems to appease him, yet it is she with the soft and bland body. Petruchio maybe stronger in the physical sense, but it is he who has had to wo rk harder in life and will work harder in marriage if Kate has her way. H.G. Goddards comment that everyone knows that the woman commode lord it over the man as long as she allows him to think hes lording it over her supports this view, even if this comment is as equally facile as Kates taming a tribute to the ambiguity of the play.Textual evidence also configures with the doubt over whether Kates plight parallels with the doctrines of the Renaissance writers who fundamentally endorsed a patriarchal social hierarchy with the distaff subject to the orders of their husband or father. Lucentios final line Tis a wonder, by your leave, she will be tamed so emphasises the notion of scepticism over her emergent changed behaviour and that indeed she may have colluded with Petruchio in order to win the wager.The short time-scale of the play casts doubt over whether such a character as strong as Kate could really be tamed so emphatically. Indeed the feminist critic Germaine Greer has arg ued that the play is not a knockabout farce of wife-battering, but the cunning adaptation of a folk-motif to show the forging of a partnership between equals2, emphasised by Petruchio in the final scene finally acknowledging their conjunction -well be to bed we thee are married, but you two are sped.It is Kate who is indeed shrewd enough to realise that she must appease Petruchio if she is to be able to spirt a happy marriage with him. This is after Hortensio reminds Kate say as he says, or we shall never go a clue about the possible consequences if she continues her resistance. This is not a submission, but a clever ploy by Kate who realises that if her marriage is to progress from a state of extreme discomfort she must forge a partnership.

Thursday, June 6, 2019

New Balance Analysis Essay Example for Free

New eternal rest Analysis EssayGenerally, New Balance has done a brilliant job in all aspects. in particular in the aspects of operations and community involvement, it has provided leadership for the equip industry. Although currently some weaknesses exist, New balance should seize the opportunities and take the responsibility to be a sustainable leader in entire industry.First, for the overall governance, New Balance should committed to being responsible for its employees and the committees. The company should inspire an engaged and committed workforce, and build an mad bond with athletic consumers. However, there several aspects that the New Balance should enhance or focus on. Communication seems to be the key obstacle. New balance should be more transparent and report, and makes CSR initiatives better connected. Also, the lack of clear leadership appears to be another obstacle, missing of senior-level champion makes the developing of CSR barely impossible. Current definiti on and nerve of RL are not cleared. A clear framework was needed to identify the risks and opportunities of CSR.Second, in the respect of the products and services, company should be very powerful on the market. loving and environmental improvements should be carried out with business enterprise benefits through its products and services. For example, green product lines should be adopted. Also, dangerous materials and harmful substance should be eliminated or forbidden.While, the link betwixt products services and CRS seems to be vague, New Balance should increase the impact of environmental and social initiatives on generating business benefits. For both footwear and apparel, evaluation of the life-cycle impacts is absence for the apparel division, sources are limited and the business growth pressure is extremely high. More effort should be putted on new materials together with their performance, especially the environmental-friendly ones. Moreover, recycles of its own produc ts should be improved by developing industry collaboration and cooperating with other manufacturers.Third, during operations, integration of CSR should be developed both in domestic and overseas. Initiatives should demonstrate clear business value. Reducing costs, increasing productivity should be implemented together with improving worker safety and morale. Besides being responsible in domestic, New Balance should also guarantee the qualities of product and conditions for workers in overseas factories.The two big challenges are the gap betwixt the footwear division compared to apparel, accessories and promotional items, and the gap between CSR management in domestic operations and supplier facilities overseas.Lastly, it is about supporting the community. The company should be the leader in both philanthropy and volunteering. Employees should be strongly involved in volunteering. In addition, community involvement strategies should be aligned with business strategy.There are still some weakness in the determination respect. New balance should better leverage its strong community involvement culture to cooperate with business strategies. Rather than containing all respects, the community strategy should be more specific and more globalized.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

The Physical Soil Properties Environmental Sciences Essay

The Physical modify Properties Environmental Sciences Essay shits ar composed of five main components mineral particles derived from rocks by weathering organic significants humus from dead and declineing coiffure material earth pissing supply in which food for thought elements argon dissolved primer air some(prenominal) carbon dioxide and oxygen and living organisms including bacteria that assist make decomposition. defects differ in their fertility levels, because they drive home different proportions of these components and because the mineral particles wealthy person been affected to different degrees by weathering. Age of defect minerals, prevailing temperatures, rainfall, l from distributively one and lubricating oil physico-chemistry are the main factors which determine how much a particular skank depart weather (Sinha and Shrivastava, 2000).Soil thence, is meaning(a) to everyone either directly or indirectly. It is the natural bodies on which artl ess products grow and it has fragile ecosystem (Sinha and Shrivastava, 2000). South Africa ranks among the countries with the highest rate of income inequality in the world (Aliber, 2009). Compared to other middle income countries, it has extremely high levels of commanding p everyplacety and food insecurity threat (FAO, 2009). As part of this, a potential contributor to food security might be small-scale agricultural production. Aliber (2009) indicated that input support targeting smallholder farmers could boost production and food security. Utilisation of uncultivated arable lands and subsistence agriculture might be one option to conduce to incomes and/or savings, as well as to encourage food diversification (Altman et al., 2009). Land with high agricultural suitability is considered to view as greater long-term security with regards to both agricultural production and development. From a planning perspective, high agricultural flexibility is therefore considered an appropri ate measure of high quality agricultural land that is highly productive and fertile.Only a small proportion of worlds states have a very good level of fertility, most of which have only good to median(a) fertility and some have very modest fertility, and are often referred to as marginal craps (Ashman and Puri, 2002). Well-known fertile soils are deep alluvial soils make from river mud, organic government issue- rich soils on loess material, nutrient rich Vertisols and volcanic soils (Brady and Weil, 2004). Under poor circumspection, soil fertility can be seriously depleted and soils whitethorn buzz off useless for agriculture.2.2. SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMISTRYSoil is a natural medium on which agricultural products grow and it is dependent on several factors such as fertility to be considered productive (Shah et al., 2011). The fertility of the soil is depended on c moulderlyntration of soil nutrients, organic and inorganic materials and pee. These soil physico-chemical properti es are classified as universe physical, chemical and biological, which greatly influence soil fertility (Ramaru et al., 2000). To manage soil fertility, knowledge and understanding of these properties is required (as discussed below).2.2.1. Physical soil properties(i) Soil cerealSoil texture refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual particles or grains in a soil (Rowell, 1994). It is dependent on the mixture of the different particle sizes stand for in the soil. Based on these different sizes, soil particles are classified as sand (0.05- 2mm), silt up (0.002-0,5mm) and corpse (Clay particles hold larger quantities of water system and nutrients, because of their large surface areas (Brady and Weil, 1999). This property causes the swelling and shrinking of ashes soils, but only those with smectitic group of clay minerals. The large surface area of clay particles gives nutrients numerous binding sites especially when the surface charge density is h igh, which is part of the reason that fine textured soils have such high abilities to retain nutrients (Velde, 1995). The pores among clay particles are very small and complex, so movement of both air and water is very slow (Brady and Weil, 1999). Clay particles are banly charged because of their mineralogical composition. Soils with such particles usually have high CEC and can retain water and implant nutrients thus such soils are considered to be fertile and good for plant growing (Brady and Weil, 1999).The knowledge of the proportions of different-sized particles in soils is critical to understand soil behavior and their management. Since sand particles are relatively large, so are the mars between them, which promote free drainage of water and entry of air into the soil (Brady and Weil, 2002). The implication of free drainage in sandy soil is that soil nutrients are easily washed humble into the soil and become inaccessible for use by plants (Brady and Weil, 2002). Sandy soils are considered non-cohesive and because of their large size, have low specific surface areas and thus have low nutrient retention capacity (Rowell, 1994). Sand particles can hold little water due to low specific surface area and are disposed to drought, therefore have a very low CEC and fertility status (Petersen et al., 1996).The pores between silt particles are much smaller than those in sand, so silt retains more water and nutrients (Rowell, 1994). Soils prevail by silt particles therefore have a high fertility status than sandy soils and provides favorable conditions for plant suppuration when other increment factors are favorable (Miller and Donahue, 1992).(ii) Soil structureThe term soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates (Six et al., 2000). Soil structure is affected by biological activities, organic enumerate, and cultivation practices (Rowell, 1994). It influences soil water movement and retention, erosion, nutrient recycling, sealing and crusting of the soil surface, together with aeration and soils structural stability, decide penetration and crop hold (Lupwayi et al., 2001).Soil structure can be platy, prismatic, coarse-grained, crumbly, columnar and blocky (RCEP, 1996). An ideal soil structure for plant growth is often described as granular or crumb-like, because it provides good movement for air and water through a variety of different pore sizes and it also affects root penetration (RCEP, 1996). An ideal soil structure is also stable and resistant to erosion (Duiker et al., 2003). Organic matter and humification processes improve structural stability, and can rebuild degraded soil structures (Brady and Weil, 1999). Therefore it is alert to re farm or add organic material to the soil and to maintain its biological activity in order to enhance soil structure for plant growth. Favorable soil structure and high aggregate stability are therefore vital to improving soil fertility, increasing agronomi c productivity, enhancing porosity and diminish erodibility.(iii) Water retention capacityWater holding capacity refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants (Brady and Weil, 1999). Soil water is held in, and flows through pore spaces in soils. Soil water can be described into the following stages gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic, based upon the aught with which water is held by the soil solids, which in turn governs their behavior and availableness to plants (Rowell, 1994).Water holding capacity is an pregnant factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems (Brady and Weil, 1999). The total amount of water available to plants growing in field soils is a function of the rooting depth of the plant and sum of the water held between field capacity and wilting percentage in each of the horizons explored by the roots (Brady and Weil, 1999). Field capacity is the amount of soil moisture or water content held in soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has materially decreased, which usually takes place within 2-3 days after a rain or irrigation in pervious soils of uniform structure and texture (Govers, 2002).The ability of the soil to provide water for plants is an important fertility characteristic (RCEP, 1996). The capacity for water storage varies, depending on soil properties such as organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure (RCEP, 1996). This is explained by the degree of soil compaction, where problems go forth arise if excessive compaction occurs which would results in sum upd bulk density, a decrease in porosity and aeration and poor water drainage (Gregory et al., 2006), all resulting in poor plant growth.(iv) Electrical Conductivity (EC)Soil electrical conductivity (EC), is the ability of soil to conduct electrical genuine (Doerge, 1999). EC is expressed in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m) or cm (cm/m). Traditionally, soil scientists used EC to estimate soil common salt (Doerge, 1999). EC measurements also have the potential for estimating variation in some of the soil physical properties such as soil moisture and porosity, in a field where soil salinity is not a problem (Farahani and Buchleiter, 2004). Soil salinity refers to the presence of major dissolved inorganic solutes in the soil aqueous phase, which consist of soluble and right away dissolvable salts including charged species (e.g., Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl, HCO3, NO3, SO42 and CO32), non-ionic solutes, and ions that combine to form ion pairs (Smith and Doran, 1996). flavour tolerances are usually given in terms of the stage of plant growth over a range of electrical conductivity (EC) levels. EC greater than 4dS/m are considered saline (Munshower, 1994). Salt sensitive plants may be affected by conductivities below 4dS/m and salt tolerant species may not be wedgeed by concentrations of up to twice this maxi mum agricultural tolerance limit (Munshower, 1994). Electrical conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit an electrical current. The conduction of electricity in soil takes place through the moisture-filled pores that occur between individual soil particles. Therefore, the EC of soil is determined by the following soil properties (Doerge, 1999). Porosity, where the greater soil porosity, the more easily electricity is conducted. Soil with high clay content has higher porosity than sandier soil. Compaction normally increases soil EC.. Water content, dry soil is much lower in conductivity than moist soil.. Salinity level, increasing concentration of electrolytes (salts) in soil water will dramatically increase soil EC.. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), mineral soil containing high levels of organic matter (humus) and/or 21 clay minerals such as montmorillonite, illite, or vermiculite have a much higher ability to retain positively charged ions (such as Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH4, or H) than soil loseing these constituents. The presence of these ions in the moisture-filled soil pores will enhance soil EC in the same way that salinity does.. Temperature, as temperature decreases toward the freezing point of water, soil EC decreases slightly. Below freezing, soil pores become increasingly insulated from each other and overall soil EC declines rapidly.Plants are detrimentally affected, both physically and chemically, by excess salts in some soils and by high levels of substitutable Na in others. Soils with an accumulation of exchangeable Na are often characterized by poor tilth and low permeability and therefore low soil fertility status, making them unfavorable for plant growth (Munshower, 1994).(v) Bulk Density (BD)Soil bulk density is defined as the pile of dry soil (g) per unit volume (cm3) and is routinely used as a measure of soil compaction (Gregory et al., 2006). The total volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume and internal pore vol ume (Gregory et al., 2006). Bulk density takes into account solid space as well as pore space (Greenland, 1998). hence soils that are porous or well-aggregated (e.g. clay soil) will have lower bulk densities than soils that are not aggregated (sand) (Greenland, 1998).Plant roots cannot penetrate compacted soil as freely as they would in non-compacted soil, which limits their access to water and nutrients present in sub-soil and inhibits their growth (Hagan et al., 2010). Compacted soil requires more frequent applications of irrigation and fertilizer to sustain plant growth, which can increase runoff and nutrient levels in runoff (Gregory et al., 2006).The bulk density of soil depends greatly on the soils mineral make up and the degree of compaction. High bulk density usually indicate a poorer environment for root growth, reduced aeration and undesirable changes in hydrologic function, such as reduced percolation (Brady and Weil, 1999). The presence of soil organic matter, which is considerably lighter than mineral soil, can help decrease bulk density and thereby enhancing soil fertility (Hagan et al., 2010).2.2.2. Soil Chemical propertiesSoil chemical properties which include the concentrations of nutrients, cations, anions, ion exchange reactions and redox properties, but for the purpose of this study focus will be based on properties that have an implication on soil fertility including(i) Soil pHSoil pH is an important soil property that affects several soil reactions and processes and is defined as a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil (Bohn, 2001). It has considerable effect on soil processes including ion exchange reactions and nutrient availability (Rowell, 1994). Soil pH is heedful on a scale of 0 to 14, where a pH of 7.0 is considered neutral, readings higher than 7.0 are alkalic, and readings lower than 7.0 are considered acidic (McGuiness, 1993). almost plants are tolerant of a pH range of 5.5-6.5 which is near neutral pH range (Bohn , 2001). Soil pH is one of the most important characteristics of soil fertility, because it has a direct impact on nutrient availability and plant growth. Most nutrients are more soluble in acid soils than in neutral or slightly alkaline soils (Bohn, 2001). In strongly acidic soils the availability of bignutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P, N and S) as well as molybdenum and boron is reduced. In contrast, availability of micronutrient cations (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Al) is increased by low soil pH, even to the extent of cyanogeneticity of higher plants and microorganisms (Bohn, 2001).The pH of a soil is also reported to affect so many other soil properties (Brady and Weil, 1999), including nutrient availability, effects on soil organisms, fungi thrive in acidic soils, CEC and plant preferences of either acidic or alkaline soils. Most plants prefer alkaline soils, but there are a few which need acidic soils and will die if placed in an alkaline environment (Brady and Weil, 1999).(ii) Cation Exchan ge Capacity (CEC)Cation exchange capacity is defined as the sum of the total of the exchangeable cations that a soil can hold or sorb (Brady and Weil, 1999). A cation is a positively charged ion and most nutrients cations are Ca2+, Mg2+, K +, NH4+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+. These cations are in the soil solution and are in dynamic counterbalance with the cations adsorbed on the surface of clay and organic matter (Brady and Weil, 1999).Clay and organic matter are the main computer addresss of CEC (Peinemann et al., 2002). The more clay and organic matter (humus) a soil contains, the higher its CEC and the greater the potential fertility of that soil. CEC varies according to the type of clay. It is highest in montmorillonite clay, lowest in heavily weathered kaolinite clay and slightly higher in the less weathered illite clay (Peinemann et al., 2002). Sand particles have no capacity to exchange cations because it has no electrical charge (Brady and Weil, 1999).CEC is used as a measure of soil nutrient retention capacity, and the capacity to protect groundwater from cation contamination (Brady and Weil, 1999). It buffers fluctuations in nutrient availability and soil pH (Bergaya and Vayer, 1997). Plants obtain many of their nutrients from soil by an electrochemical process called cation exchange. This process is the key to understanding soil fertility (Rowell, 1994). Nutrients that are held by charges on a soil are termed exchangeable as they become readily available to plants (Rowell, 1994).The higher the CEC of a soil, the more nutrients it is likely to hold and the higher will be its fertility level (Fullen and Catt, 2004).Factors alter cation exchange capacityThe factors affecting cation exchange capacity include the following (Brady and Weil 1999), soil texture, soil humus content, nature of clay and soil reaction.Soil texture influences the CEC of soils in a way that it increases when soils percentage of clay increases i.e. the finer the soil texture, the h igher the CEC as indicated in Table 2. CEC depends on the nature of clay minerals present, since each mineral has its own capacity to exchange and hold cations e.g. the CEC of a soil dominated by vermiculite is much higher than the CEC of another soil dominated by kaolinite, as vermiculite is high activity clay unlike kaolinte which is low activity clay. When the pH of soil increases, more H+ ions dissociate from the clay minerals especially kaolinite, thus the CEC of soil dominated by kaolinite also increases. CEC varies according to the type of soil. Humus, the end product of decomposed organic matter, has the highest CEC value because organic matter colloids have large quantities of negative charges. Humus has a CEC two to five times greater than montmorillonite clay and up to 30 times greater than kaolinite clay, so is very important in improving soil fertility.Table 2.1 CEC values for different soil textures (Brady and Weil, 1999)Soil textureCEC range (meq/100g soil)Sand2-4San dy loam2-12Loam7-16Silt loam9-26Clay, clay loam4-60(iii) Organic affaireThe importance of soil organic matter in relation to soil fertility andphysical condition is widely recognized in agriculture. However, organic mattercontributes to the fertility or productivity of the soil through its positiveeffects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Rowell, 1994), as follows physical stabilizes soil structure, improves water holding characteristics, lowers bulk density, dark color may alter thermal properties chemical higher CEC, acts as a pH buffer, ties up metals, interacts with biological supplies energy and body-building constituents for soil organisms, increases microbial populations and their activities, source and sink for nutrients, ecosystem resilience, affects soil enzymes. Soil organic matter consists of a wide range of organic substances, including living organisms, carboneous remains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compound s produced by current and past metabolism of the soil (Brady and Weil, 1999).Soil organic matter plays a critical role in soil processes and is a key element of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) (Brady and Weil, 2004). Organic matter is widely considered to be the single most important index finger of soil fertility and productivity (Rowell, 1994). It consists primarily of decayed or decaying plant and fauna residues and is a very important soil component. Benefits of Organic matter in soil according to Ashman and Puri, (2002) include increasing the soils cation exchange capacity and acting as food for soil organisms from bacteria to worms and is an important component in the nutrient and carbon cycles.Organic matter, like clay, has a high surface area and is negatively charged with a high CEC, making it an excellent supplier of nutrients to plants. In addition, as organic matter decomposes, it bothers nutrients such as N, P and S that are bound in the organic matters s tructure, essentially imitating a slow release fertilizer (Myers, 1995). Organic matter can also hold large amounts of water, which helps nutrients move from soil to plant roots (Mikkuta, 2004).An important characteristic of organic matter in soil fertility is C N ratio. The C N ratio in organic matter of arable surface horizons commonly ranges from 81 to 151, the median being near 121 (Brady and Weil, 1999). The CN ratio in organic residues applied to soils is important for two reasons intense competition among the micro-organisms for available soil north which occurs when residues having a high CN ratio are added to soils and it also helps determine their rate of decay and the rate at which nitrogen is made available to plants (Brady and Weil, 1999).(iv) Plant NutrientsPlants require 13 plant nutrients (Table 2.2) (micro and macro nutrients) for their growth. Each is equally important to the plant, yet each is required in vastly different amounts (Ronen, 2007).Essential elements are chemical elements that plants need in order to complete their normal life cycle (Scoones and Toulhim, 1998). The functions of these elements in the plant cannot be fulfilled by another, thus making each element essential for plant growth and development (Scoones and Toulhim, 1998).Essential nutrients are divided up into macro and micronutrients as illustrated in Table 3. Macronutrients are those that are required in relatively high quantities for plant growth and can be sign into two sub groups, primitive and secondary ones, (Uchida and Silva, 2000). The primary macro-elements are most frequently required for plant growth and also needed in the greatest total quantity by plants. For most crops, secondary macro nutrients are needed in lesser amounts than the primary nutrients. The second group of plant nutrients which are micronutrients are needed only in trace amounts (Scoones and Toulhim, 1998). These micronutrients are required in very small amounts, but they are just as im portant to plant development and profitable crop production as the major nutrients (Ronen, 2007).ClassificationElementFunction in plant growthSource wish symptoms and toxicitiesMacro nutrients PrimaryNitrogen (N)Chlorophyll and Protein fundamental lawAir/Soil, applied fertilisersSlow growth, stunted plants, chlorosis, low protein contentPhosphorus (P)Photosynthesis, Stimulates early growth and root formation, hastens maturitySoil and applied fertilisersSlow growth, delayed crop maturity, purplish green coloration of leavesPotassium (K)Photosynthesis and nzyme activity, starch and sugar formation, root growthSoil and applied fertilisersSlow growth, Reduced disease or pest resistance, development of white and yellow spots on leavesMacronutrients secondaryCalcium (Ca) cell growth and component of cell wallSoilWeakened stems, death of plants growing points, abnormal dark green appearance on foliage milligram (Mg)Enzyme activation, photosynthesis and influence Nitrogen metabolismSoilInt erveinal chlorosis in older leaves,curling of leaves, stunted growth,Sulfur (S)Amino acids, proteins and nodule formationSoil and animal manureInterveinal chlorosis on corn leaves, retarded growth, delayed maturity and light green to yellowish color in young leavesMicronutrients essential bid (Fe)Photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, constituent of various enzymes and proteinsSoilInterveinal chlorosis, yellowing of leaves between veins, twig dieback, death of entire limp or plantsManganese (Mn)Enzyme activation, metabolism of nitrogen and organic acids, formation of vitamins and breakdown of carbohydratesSoilInterveinal chlorosis of young leaves, gradation of pale green coloration with darker color next to veinsZinc (Zn)Enzymes and auxins component, protein synthesis, used in formation of growth hormonesSoilMottled leaves, dieback twigs, decrease in stem lengthCopper (Cu)Enzyme activation, catalyst for respirationSoilStunted growth, poor pigmentation, wilting of leavesBoron (B) gen tilitySoilThickened, curled, wilted and chlorotic leaves reduced floweringMolybdenum (Mo)Nitrogen fixation nitrate reduction and plant growthSoilStunting and lack of vigor (induced by nitrogen deficiency), scorching, cupping or rolling of leavesChlorine (Cl)Root growth, photosynthetic reactionsSoilWilting followed by chlorosis, excessive branching of squinty roots, bronzing of leavesAdditional nutrientsCarbon (C) instalment of carbohydrates and photosynthesisAir/ Organic matterHydrogen (H)Maintains osmotic balance and constituent of carbohydratesWater/Organic matterOxygen (O)Constituent of carbohydrates and necessary for respirationAir/Water/ Organic matterTable 2.2 Essential plant elements, their sources and role in plants (Ronen,2007)Deficiency of any of these essential nutrients will retard plant development (Brady and Weil, 2004). Deficiencies and toxicities of nutrients in soil present unfavorable conditions for plant growth, such as poor growth, yellowing of the leaves and po ssibly the death of the plant as illustrated in Table 3 (Ahmed et al., 1997). Therefore proper nutrient management is required to achieve maximum plant growth, maximum economic and growth result by the crop, and also for minimum environmental impact.In addition to the nutrients listed above, plants require carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are extracted from air and water to make up the bulk of plant encumbrance (Brady and Weil, 1999). Achieving balance between the nutrient requirements of plants and the nutrient reserves in soils is essential for maintaining soil fertility and high yields, preventing environmental contamination and degradation, and sustaining agricultural production over the long term.2.2.3. Soil Biological properties(i) Soil organismsSoil organisms include mostly microscopic living organisms such as bacteria and fungi which are the introduction of a healthy soil because they are the primary decomposer of organic matter (Brady and Weil, 1999). Soil organisms a re grouped into two namely soil microorganisms and soil macro organisms (Table 2.3).Table 2.3 Soil Macro and microorganisms and their role in plant and soil (Brady and Weil, 1999)ClassificationOrganismsFunction in plant and/or soilSourceMicroorganisms bacteriumDecomposition of organic matterSoil surface and humus particlesActinomycetesSource of protein and enhance soil fertilitySurface layers of grass landsFungiFix atmospheric nitrogen and enhance soil fertilitySoil (without organic matter)AlgaeAdd organic matter to soil, improve aeration of swamp soils, and fix atmospheric nitrogenMoist soilsMacro-organismsNematodesThey can be applied to crops in large quantities as a biological insecticideSoil and plant rootsEarthwormsEnhance soil fertility and structural stabilityAerated soilsAnts and termitesSoil developmentDominant in tropical soilsSoil can contain millions of organisms that feed off decaying material such as old plant material, mulch unprocessed compost (Ashman and Puri, 200 2), Microorganisms constitute Soil organic matter is the main food and energy source of soil microorganisms (Ashman and Puri, 2002). Through decomposition of organic matter, microorganisms take up their food elements. Organic matter also serves as a source of energy for both macro and micro organisms and helps in performing various beneficial functions in soil, resulting in highly productive soil (Mikutta et al., 2004).Macro-organisms such as insects, other arthropods, earthworms and nematodes locomote in the soil and have an important influence on soil fertility (Amezketa, 1999). They ingest soil material and relocate plant material and form burrows. The effects of these activities are variable. Macro-organisms improve aeration, porosity, infiltration, aggregate stability, litter mixing, improved N and C stabilization, C turnover and carbonate reduction and N mineralization, nutrient availability and metal mobility (Amezketa, 1999 Winsome and McColl, 1998 and Brown et al., 2000).T he various groups of soil organisms do not live independently of each other, but form an interlocked system more or less in equilibrium with the environment (Brady and Weil, 1999). Their activity in soil depend on moisture content, temperature, soil enzymes, dissolution of soil minerals and breakdown of toxic chemicals. All have a tremendous role in the development of soil fertility (Alam, 2001). Their actions involve the formation of structural systems of the soils which help in the increase of agricultural productivity (Alam, 2001).2.3. SOIL CLAY MINERALOGYThe clay fraction of soil is dominated by clay minerals which control important soil chemical properties including sorption characteristics of soils (Dixon and Schulze, 2002). Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic compounds, with defined chemical and physical properties (Velde, 1995). Minerals that are formed in the depths of a volcano are called primary minerals (Pal et al., 2000). Feldspar, biotite, quartz and hornblende are examples of primary minerals. These minerals and the rocks made from them are often not stable when exposed to the weathering agents at the surface of the earth (Dixon and Schulze, 2002). These rocks are broken down (weathered) continuously into small pieces by exposure to physical and chemical weathering processes (Dixon and Schulze, 2002).Some of the elements that are released during weathering, reform and crystallise in a different structure forming secondary minerals (Melo et al., 2002). Secondary minerals tend to be much smaller in particle size than primary minerals, and are most commonly found in the clay fraction of soils (Guggenheim and Martin, 1995). Soil clay fractions often contain a wide range of secondary minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and aluminum hydrous oxides, whereas the sand or silt particles of soils are dominated by relatively inert primary minerals. The clay fraction is usually dominated by secondary minerals which are more chemically active a nd contribute the most to soil fertility (Melo et al., 2002). Two major secondary mineral groups, clay minerals and hydrous